The fact that it was completely rewritten by the author himself, as he revised the translation in great detail, means that it became an original work and provides us with a very rare opportunity: that of comparing two versions that can both be seen as originals, using one to provide insights into the other or to reveal differences between them. But he went much further with the French translation: he completely rewrote it, making substantial changes and additions. Marx supervised the Russian translation, the first to be carried out, maintained an active dialog with his translators, and praised the finished translation. There were thus two translations: one into Russian and one into French. There were two German editions, also one Russian and one French. During his life, there were four editions and two translations of it. There are many editions and translations of Volume I of Capital, the only volume of Marx’s magnum opus published during his lifetime.
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